The full dose may be taken once in the morning on an empty stomach, or split into two to three daily doses throughout the day, each on an empty stomach
Insulin normally suppresses gluconeogenesis while promoting lipogenesis, however, under insulin resistant states such as T2D, hepatic lipogenesis remains insulin sensitive and suppression of gluconeogenesis is insulin resistant, leading to a metabolic state called selective hepatic insulin resistance (199)
Key Preclinical Study (Neelakantan et al., 2018): Treatment in diet-induced obese mice produced progressive body weight loss, reduced white adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size, decreased total cholesterol, and no changes in food intake effects were metabolic, not appetite-driven
It also raises blood pressure, increasing the risk of stroke
In the first month, some patients may experience subtle improvements increased energy, better focus, or modest changes in body composition