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When cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) invade the airway combined with an antigen, TSLP located in epithelial cells can induce the expression of OX40 ligand (OX40L) on DCs, and then promote the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Th2 cells, to drive the production of Th2 proinflammatory cytokines, promote airway inflammation through Th2 cell immune response after that

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doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215692 18 ForsterM.FiebelkornS.YurteriC.MarinerD.LiuC.WrightC.et al

Further reading "Electronic nicotine delivery systems" (PDF)