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Different stimuli can activate different MAPK pathway members, and have different downstream targets

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Both are real biological molecules the difference is which ones have completed FDA approval (semaglutide as Ozempic, tirzepatide as Mounjaro) versus which remain in the research-chemical category for in-vitro and animal study

Tranexamic Acid for Upstream Melanin Production Inhibition: Tranexamic Acid blocks the signalling pathway that instructs melanin to be produced in response to UV and inflammatory stimuli, addressing pigmentation-driven dark circles at the production stage before melanin is synthesised

Treatment often will include supplements